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dog with bandage on paw

Determination of a safe sedative combination of dexmedetomidine, ketamine and butorphanol for minor procedures in dogs by use of a stepwise optimization method

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Imboden, T.J., Pownall, W.R., Rubin, S., Spadavecchia, C., Schöllhorn, B. and Rohrbach, H. | Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica | September 2023
The aim of this randomised three-phase controlled trial was to determine the optimal dosages of dexmedetomidine and ketamine in combination with butorphanol 0.3 mg/kg in terms of the quality of sedation, side effects, and the need for additional anaesthetics…

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ponies in field

Evaluation of the use of midazolam as a co-induction agent with ketamine for anaesthesia in sedated ponies undergoing field castration

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A. Allison, R. Robinson, C. Jolliffe and P.M. Taylor | Equine Veterinary Journal | September 2017
Ketamine is commonly used as an anaesthetic induction agent for equine anaesthesia, but it is a poor muscle relaxant so use of ketamine is frequently combined with a benzodiazepine. Diazepam and midazolam, both benzodiazepine derivatives, are often used to facilitate muscle relaxation in equine anaesthesia. Midazolam has the advantage of being water soluble therefore making it more compatible with other anaesthetic agents. Although the combination of ketamine and a benzodiazepine is generally accepted as giving higher quality of anaesthesia, there are few studies comparing the use of ketamine alone to a ketamine-benzodiazepine co-induction…

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